some research notes
JA Notes
"Esterification is the general name for a chemical reaction in which two reactants (typically an alcohol and an acid) form an ester as the reaction product. Esters are common in organic chemistry and biological materials, and often have a pleasant characteristic, fruity odor. This leads to their extensive use in the fragrance and flavor industry."
. Abscisic acid (ABA), ethylene, an d jasmonates (JAs) ar e involved i n th e ability o f a plant to cope with biotic o r abiotic stresses. This redundancy i s a hallmark o f plant development, although i t i s no t clear whether i t i s real o r only apparent, i.e., tw o hormones regulate closely related bu t different aspects o f th e same process. Plant hormones also regulate some activities that ar e specific t o each hormone. Fo r instance, patterning i n embryo development an d polar phenomena such a s apical dominance, vascular differentiation, an d tropic growth under th e influence o f light o r gravity are principally regulated b y th e endogenous auxin, indoleacetic acid o r lAA; mobilization of seed food reserves i n cereal grains i s specific t o GAs; see d dormancy i s induced by ABA; fruit ripening i s associated with ethylene; an d JAs ar e uniquely involved in th e deposition o f vegetative storage proteins. The chapters i n Section II I o f this book reflect th e apparent redundancy and uniqueness of hormone action. They also show that even relatively simple processes. Plant hormones also regulate some activities that ar e specific t o each hormone. Fo r instance, patterning i n embryo development an d polar phenomena such a s apical dominance, vascular differentiation, an d tropic growth under th e influence o f light o r gravity are principally regulated b y th e endogenous auxin, indoleacetic acid o r lAA; mobilization of seed food reserves i n cereal grains i s specific t o GAs; see d dormancy i s induced by ABA; fruit ripening i s associated with ethylene; an d JAs ar e uniquely involved in th e deposition o f vegetative storage proteins.
The chapters i n Section II I o f this book reflect th e apparent redundancy and uniqueness of hormone action. They also show that even relatively simple processes. such as apical dominance o r production o f lateral roots, involve a n interaction o f tw o o r more hormones an d their relative levels, which ar e affected b y environmental and/or developmental cues. Such interaction i s often antagonistic, as , fo r example, lA A and C K interaction in lateral root formation, although i t i s no t clear whether such antagonism i s used for regulation o f th e process i n nature. Synergistic interaction also occurs, e.g., fo r ethylene and J A i n induction o f some genes i n plant defense against pathogens. Finally, several hormones may ac t i n concert, on e after another, t o regulate a sequence o f developmental events. Fo r example, fruit se t may b e regulated b y lAA, fruit growth by GA, fruit ripening b y ethylene, an d seed maturation an d dormancy b y ABA. Because of these interactions among homones and between hormones and environmental factors, the extent o f which we have only recently begun t o appreciate, a n understanding of plant
hormonal response i s a complex and difficult fabric t o unentangle.
Fruit an d seed development and seed germination, covered i n Chapters 17, IS, and 19 , ar e growth-related processes in which CKs, lAA, an d GAs play important although still little understood roles, whereas fruit ripening an d seed maturation and dormancy ar e culminating phases o f growth, akin t o senescence, an d ar e regulated b y ethylene, ABA, an d possibly J As.
Thimann, K. V . (1997). "Hormone Action i n th e Whole Life o f Plants." Th e University o f Massachusetts Press, Amherst.
methyl jasmonate
To study the role of methyl jasmonate in mango fruit ripening and biosynthesis of aroma volatiles, one lot of green mature preclimacteric ‘Kensington Pride’ mangoes was ripened under ambient conditions (21 ± 1°C). The changes in endogenous levels of methyl jasmonate in the pulp during ripening were investigated. Another lot of green mature preclimacteric fruit was treated with methyl jasmonate vapour at different concentrations (0, 10–3M, 10–4M and 10–5M) for 12 h to study the role of methyl jasmonate on biosynthesis of aroma volatile compounds in the fruit. Following methyl jasmonate treatments, the fruit were then allowed to ripen under ambient conditions (21 ± 1°C). Only trans-methyl jasmonate was identified from the pulp of ‘Kensington Pride’ mango. Concentration of trans-methyl jasmonate in the pulp was higher at harvest day (123.67 ng g–1) and decreased as the ripening progressed at the ripe stage (0.14 ng g–1). Methyl jasmonate treatments increased ethylene production at the climacteric stage and was more pronounced at a higher concentration (10–3M) of applied methyl jasmonate. Skin colour of ripe fruit was significantly improved with exogenous application of methyl jasmonate (10–3M). Methyl jasmonate treatments also increased the concentration of fatty acids as well as total aroma volatiles, monoterpenes, sesquiterpenes, aromatics, norisoprenoid, alcohols and esters in the pulp of fruit. However, exogenous application of methyl jasmonate tended to reduce production of n-tetradecane, especially on day 5 and 7 of ripening. In general, exogenous application of methyl jasmonate (10–3M) significantly promoted biosynthesis of ethylene, fatty acids and ripening and aroma volatile compounds during fruit ripening. Our experimental results suggest that methyl jasmonte is involved in early steps in the modulation of mango fruit ripening.
Methyl Jasmonate study notes;
In contrast, JA/MJ also has enhanced induction/promotion of leaf senescence and petiole abscission, fruit ripening, chlorophyll degradation, carotenoid biosynthesis, tuber formation, and protein synthesis
A substantial number of drought effects on plants can be mimicked by external application of abscisic acid (Davies et al. 1986). Jasmonates are biologically similar to abscisic acid and, when exogenously applied to plants, elicit a great variety of morphological and physiological responses to stress.
A 500 mM stock solution of methyl jasmonate (M J) (Aldrich Chemical Company, Inc., Milwaukee, WI) was made by our diluting 0.115 mL of methyl jasmonate in 100% ethanol to a final volume of 1 mL (M J/ethanol, 1:9 vol/vol) according to Franceschi and Grimes (1991)
salicylic acid (SA) and methyl jasmonate (MeJA). Foliar sprays with 1 ml SA 1 mM and 1 ml MeJA 100 μM was conducted on 20-day-old wheat
I came across a bunch of documented experiments using foliar sprays to deliver phytohormones to a variety of crops, but not cannabis. Again, we will simply extrapolate methods and protocols as they suit our needs from documented scientific studies.
For example;
“A benzyladenine based plant growth regulator (PGR) named Configure (Fine Americas, Walnut Creek, CA) was applied to 2 cultivars of Sempervivum and 1 species of Echeveria. Applications were made as a single foliar spray applied 3 weeks after potting (WAP) in concentrations of 50, 100, 200, 400 mg.l-1. The number of offsets produced by the plants were counted at 10 WAP. The number of offsets produced by the parent plants increased with the concentration of Configure”
I will note the following bits of useful info. Only a single application was used. The PGR was applied in concentrations involving mg per liter. PGR was applied after 3 weeks after planting.
MEJA
Foliar MeJA application 4 days prior to harvest of broccoli at commercial maturity resulted in enhanced total GS concentrations. Although a single application of 250 µmol L−1 MeJA maximized GS concentrations in broccoli florets, two days of consecutive treatments (4 and 3 days prior to harvest) of 250 µmol L−1 MeJA further enhanced neoglucobrassicin concentrations and floret extract quinone reductase (QR)‐inducing activity. With increasing concentrations of MeJA in spray applications to broccoli florets, concentrations of the glucosinolates glucoraphanin, gluconasturtiin and neoglucobrassicin and the isothiocyanate sulforaphane as well as anticancer and anti‐inflammatory bioactivities as measured by QR induction and inhibition of nitric oxide (NO) production respectively were significantly increased. Concentrations of these phytochemicals showed strong positive correlations with QR‐inducing and NO‐inhibitory activities.
Exogenous jasmonate application has also been shown to reduce chilling injury (Gonzalez-Aguilar et al., 2003) and enhance accumulation of several classes of secondary compounds (as reviewed by Memelink et al., 2001).
Jasmonates [Methyl jasmonate+ jasmonic acid] are crucial cellular regulators that are involved in several plant developmental processes, including seed germination, callus growth, primary root growth, flowering, gum and bulb formation, and senescence [41, 42,]. Jasmonates stimulate plant defense responses to a variety of biotic and abiotic stresses [43]. In addition, the exogenous application of MeJA in A. thaliana confers basal thermo-tolerance and protection against heat shock [44]. Triazoles (Tr), as plant growth regulators, protect plants from several abiotic stresses, e.g., thermal stress and water-deficient stress [45]. The mechanism underlying the role of triazoles in stress protection involves hormonal changes, including cytokinin augmentation, increased ABA and reduced ethylene [46, 47].
Different combinations of plant growth regulators were exogenously applied three times at 30, 35, and 40 days after emergence (DAE) to enable thorough coverage prior to imposing heat stress. The different PGR treatments were (1) vitamin C + vitamin E + methyl jasmonates + brassinosteroids (Vc+Ve+MeJA+Br), (2) brassinosteroids + triazoles + methyl jasmonates (Br+Tr+MeJA), (3) vitamin C + vitamin E (Vc+Ve), (4) methyl jasmonates (MeJA), and (5) nothing applied control (NAC). Vc, Ve, MeJA, Br and Tr were applied at rates of 1.4, 6.9, 1.8, 4.0 and 0.55 ppm solution, accordingly in the respective treatments. Vc was dissolved in de-ionized water, and Ve was dissolved in a small amount of ethyl alcohol; de-ionized water was further added to bring the solution to the desired volume.
The experiment included 7 treatments from some bio-stimulants as follows: Three different
concentrations of yeast extract (2, 3 and 4 g.L-1 ), chitosan extract (2, 4, 6 ml.L-1 ) and control were applied at 30, 45, 60 and 75 days from sowing date in both seasons. Tap water was sprayed to the control of plants. The experiment was designed in a complete randomized blocks (CRB) with three replicates.
Methyl jasmonate application enhanced the amount of ascorbic acid in Arabidopsis and tobacco suspension cells (Wolucka et al., 2005)
Recently, it was reported that JAs also play a role in physiological response of secretion of floral nectar (Figure 2). Radhika et al. (2010a) demonstrated that floral nectar secretion is controlled by JAs in Brassica species. Interestingly, a significant production of floral nectar was observed in the flowers of B. napus, when JA is exogenously sprayed to them.
There are some reports on positive effects of biostimulants application on medicinal plants.In growing the medicinal plants, it is vital to associate the biomass production to quality of the raw material. The application of biostimulants in the commercial production of medicinal plants is a viable management practice for the production of these species, increasing biomass production and enhancing secondary metabolites synthesis. Studies about the effect of plant biostimulants on the accumulation of secondary metabolites in medicinal plants have been conducted in order to increase the medicinal and trade values of these species [68]. The development of biostimulants may follow a classical ‘pharmacological’ approach, where candidate active substances or microorganisms are screened in controlled conditions and a stepwise procedure is followed for selecting promising candidates, moving from the laboratory to more realistic conditions.
Growth conditions are expected to alter the relative and absolute content of the hundreds of phytochemicals produced by Cannabis sativa L.; some of these possess biological activity on the human body. However, relatively little information exists regarding the effects of different light regimes on the composition of C. sativa secondary metabolites and thus on their biological activity. In this study, we investigated how light quality influences the production and final content of secondary metabolites, as well as their bioactive properties. Toward these, plant growth and blooming were carried out at different illumination conditions, utilizing light-emitting diode (LED) fixtures vs. conventional fluorescent and high-pressure sodium (HPS) lamps as controls. Inflorescences were sampled at different time points along the blooming; extract compositions were analyzed by HPLC and GC/MS, and the biological activity of the extracted material was assessed using cell viability assays. We found that growth and blooming under LED illumination considerably changed shoot architecture and inflorescence mass. Moreover, the content of cannabinoids, terpenes, and alkanes were altered in the inflorescences of LED-grown plants during the flowering period as well as in the harvested flowers. In particular, significantly higher quantities of cannabigerolic acid accumulated in the inflorescences that flowered under LED fixtures, with a cannabigerolic acid to Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinolic acid (CBGA:THCA) ratio of 1:2 as opposed to 1:16 when grown under HPS. Notably, the cytotoxic activities of extracts derived from plants grown under the different illumination regimes were different, with extracts from LED-grown plants possessing higher cytotoxicity along the flowering stage. Our results thus indicate that the transition to indoor growth of C. sativa under LED lighting, which can have significant impacts on cannabinoid and terpene content, and also on the bioactive properties of the plant extracts, should proceed with thorough consideration.
Jasmonic acid (JA) is regarded as endogenous regulator that plays important roles in regulating stress responses, plant growth, and development. Salicylic acid (SA) has been identified as an important signaling element involved in establishing the local and systemic disease resistance response of plants after pathogen attack. A field experiment was conducted to assess the foliar applications effect of JA and SA on quantity and quality yields of essential oil of lemon balm (Melissa officinalis L.). Experimental treatments were: I) water foliar application; II) water + 1% ethanol foliar application (as a solvent); III-V) JA at 0.05–0.40 mg L−1; VI-IX) SA at 0.14–14.00 g L−1. notice micro-dosing
n the present research the effect of preharvest metyil jasmonate (MeJA) treatment on the ripening process and fruit quality parameters at harvest was evaluated, for the first time, in two table grape cultivars, ‘Magenta’ and ‘Crimson’, during two years, 2016 and 2017. MeJA treatments (applied when berry volume was ca. 40% of its final one, at veraison and 3 days before the first harvest date) affected grape ripening process and vine yield differently depending on applied concentration. Thus, MeJA at 5 and 10 mM delayed berry ripening and decreased berry weight and volume as well as vine yield, in a dose-dependent way, in both cultivars, although the effect on ‘Crimson’ was more dramatic than in ‘Magenta’. However, treatments with MeJA at 1, 0.1 and 0.01 mM accelerated ripening and increased total phenolics and individual anthocyanin concentrations, the major effects being obtained with 0.1 mM concentration. In addition, total soluble solids (TSS) and firmness levels were also increased by these MeJA treatments. These results might have a great agronomic and commercial importance since fruit with higher size and harvested earlier would reach higher prizes at markets and berries with higher firmness and TSS would be more appreciated by consumers. Moreover, MeJA treatments increased the content of antioxidant compounds, such as phenolics and individual anthocyanins, leading to enhance the homogeneous pigmentation of the whole cluster, with additional effects on increasing the health beneficial effects of grape consumption. Another case of less does more? And the timing of foliar treatments.
Two plum (Prunus salicina Lindl.) cultivars ‘Black Splendor’ (BS) and ‘Royal Rosa’ (RR) were treated with methyl jasmonate (MeJA) at 3 concentrations (0.5, 1.0 and 2.0 mM) along the on-tree fruit development: 63, 77 and 98 days after full blossom (DAFB). On a weekly basis, fruit samples were taken for measuring fruit size and weight and parameters related to quality. Results revealed that MeJA was effective in increasing fruit size and weight, the 0.5 mM being the most effective for BS cultivar and 2.0 mM for RR. At harvest, those fruit treated with 0.5 mM MeJA had the highest firmness and colour Hue values. notice different strains different results
Glutathione is a tripeptide involved in diverse aspects of plant metabolism. We investigated how the reduced form of glutathione, GSH, applied site-specifically to plants, affects zinc (Zn) distribution and behavior in oilseed rape plants (Brassica napus) cultured hydroponically. Foliar-applied GSH significantly increased the Zn content in shoots and the root-to-shoot Zn translocation ratio; furthermore, this treatment raised the Zn concentration in the cytosol of root cells and substantially enhanced Zn xylem loading. Notably, microarray analysis revealed that the gene encoding pectin methylesterase was upregulated in roots following foliar GSH treatment. We conclude that certain physiological signals triggered in response to foliar-applied GSH were transported via sieve tubes and functioned in root cells, which, in turn, increased Zn availability in roots by releasing Zn from their cell wall. Consequently, root-to-shoot translocation of Zn was activated and Zn accumulation in the shoot was markedly increased. Can foliar spray encourage other root to shoot translocation?
The Jazz (MeJA) study notes; Study after study is slowly building up my confidence we will be successful. Then, I can further explain the fun going on down in the garden. The ester treated cultivar shows no signs yet of diminished shade avoidance standing at attention after two weeks. The flowers are looking enriched, covered in long white and translucent pistillate hairs that make it real hard not to think of Tom Petty (RIP) back in the day. Culver City Cool Cat I says!
Exogenous MeJA application enhanced resistance to the pathogen, and SSH analyses led to the identification of 94 unigenes, presumably involved in a variety of functions, which were classified into several functional categories, including metabolism, signal transduction, protein biogenesis and degradation, and cell defense and rescue.
Foliar application of MeJA induced partial resistance against S. sclerotiorum in plants as well as a consistent increase in pathogenesis-related protein activities. Our findings provide new insights into the physiological and molecular mechanisms of resistance induced by MeJA in the P. vulgaris–S. sclerotiorum pathosystem.
New insights into the evolution of jasmonate signaling further suggest that opposing selective pressures associated with too much or too little defense may have shaped the emergence of a modular jasmonate pathway that integrates primary and specialized metabolism through the control of repressor-transcription factor complexes. A better understanding of the mechanistic basis of growth-defense balance has important implications for boosting plant productivity, including insights into how these tradeoffs may be uncoupled for agricultural improvement.
Jasmonates (JAs), the derivatives of lipids, act as vital signaling compounds in diverse plant stress responses and development. JAs are known to mediate defense responses against herbivores, necrotrophic pathogens, nematodes and other micro-organism besides alleviating abiotic stresses including UV-stress, osmotic stress, salt stress, cold stress, temperature stress, heavy metal stress, ozone stress etc. Jasmonate signaling does not work alone while mediating defense responses in plants but it functions in multifarious crosstalk network with other phytohormone signaling pathways such as auxin, gibberellic acid (GA), and salicylic acid. The present review gives the holistic approach about the role of jasmonates in counteracting the stress whether biotic or abiotic. Jasmonates regulate beneficial plant–microbe interactions, such as interactions with plant growth promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi.
Jasmonates (JAs), imperative signaling compounds and derivatives of fatty acid metabolism, play a substantial role in mediating a variety of defense responses in plants to overcome different types of stresses. Jasmonates, oxylipin compounds ubiquitous in the plant kingdom, besides regulating different aspects of plant growth and development, evoke and modulate several plant processes by involving diverse crosstalk signaling mechanisms with different hormones and nutrient elements under perturbed environmental conditions. Methyl jasmonate (MeJA) acts as a signaling molecule that is perceived by protein receptors involved in the stress responses leading to the induction of signal transduction cascades and activating different antioxidant proteins.
Jazz, good for wheat, wine, and weed.
The results showed that use of 100 μM methyl jasmonate increase growth period and a number of days until plant physiological maturity. Under drought stress conditions, the number of grains per spike, weight of one thousand seed, grain yield, and harvest index are decreased in every two years of experiment. Also, using 100 μM methyl jasmonate lead to increase these traits by 22.2, 14.4, 8.5, and 11.4%, respectively in Pishtaz cultivar, and 10.3, 10.7, 8.5, and 11.2%, respectively in the Sirvan cultivar compared to the control group. The highest water productivity at each of the three levels of irrigation was related to the concentration of 100 μM methyl jasmonate. According to the results, although drought stress reduced yield and its components, methyl jasmonate was able to compensate somewhat (10%) for the reduced yield due to drought stress. The irrigation cut off at the grain milking stage can be beneficial with increasing water productivity in managing this valuable resource. Also, the use of 100 μM jasmonate in these conditions is recommended as a practical way to increase tolerance to drought stress conditions and improve the growth and yield of wheat.”
“Over the last few years, considerable attention has been paid to the application of elicitors to vineyard. However, research about the effect of elicitors on grape amino acid content is scarce. Therefore, the aim of this study was to evaluate the influence of foliar application of methyl jasmonate on must amino acid content. Results revealed that total amino acid content was not modified by the application of methyl jasmonate. However, the individual content of certain amino acids was increased as consequence of methyl jasmonate foliar application, i.e., histidine, serine, tryptophan, phenylalanine, tyrosine, asparagine, methionine, and lysine. Among them, phenylalanine content was considerably increased; this amino acid is precursor of phenolic and aromatic compounds. In conclusion, foliar application of methyl jasmonate improved must nitrogen composition. This finding suggests that methyl jasmonate treatment might be conducive to obtain wines of higher quality since must amino acid composition could affect the wine volatile composition and the fermentation kinetics.”
Since these early days of JA research, there has been arapid increase in publications dealing with JA-related aspects (see re-view in[1]), preferentially in aspects of biosynthesis, accumulation andbiotechnological application of secondary compounds. Nearly all bio-synthetic pathways leading to secondary metabolites, such as antho-cyanins, nicotine, terpenoid indole alkaloids (TIA), glucosinolates (GS),benzophenanthridine alkaloids orflavonoids, were found to be inducedby applied JA or processes triggering an endogenous increase in JA.Pathway analysis was carried out by cloning involved genes, includinganalysis of the corresponding promoters, and studying regulatory as-pects, involved transcription factors (TFs), as well as cell and tissue-specificity . This research has been extensively reviewed, e.g.,[4–7]including aspects of jasmonates[8–11] or synthetic biology[12].In the following text, we briefly review the formation of a fewsecondary metabolites, such as anthocyanin, nicotine, TIA, artemisininand GS, with an emphasis on the role of JA, describe the TFs involvedand discuss some applied aspects using artemisinin as an example.Secondary metabolites are formed using primary metabolites asbuilding blocks. Thus, the role of JA is discussed in terms of (i) JAperception and the core signaling complex, (ii) its role in reprogram-ming primary metabolism, and (iii) its role in the synthesis of secondarymetabolites. Usually, these signaling cascades occur in a tissue- andcell-specific manner because some secondary metabolites are formedexclusively in specialized cells, such as trichomes, or under specificconditions of growth in cell suspension cultures. The following reviewwill be a brief overview for some JA-inducible secondary compounds.Owing to space limitations, only key references are included in thisbrief
