With medical and recreational marijuana gaining legality across the US and in other countries, health experts are scrambling to find out what effect the substance actually has on human health, particularly the brain. Previous research has been mixed. Several studies support that chronic use, starting in the teen years, can increase the risk of a psychotic episode later in life.
Most of these studies however, find that participants who do have a psychotic breakdown after chronic, long-term use, were probably barreling toward such an episode anyway. Marijuana merely acted as a catalyst. Another important point, few studies look at occasional use, only chronic use, such smoking pot daily or even multiple times per day.
So adolescence and teens should be made to steer clear of the stuff, but what about those of us with fully formed frontal lobes? And how does it measure up against say how alcohol effects the brain? Researchers at the University of Colorado-Boulder conducted a meta-analysis to find out. Their findings were published recently in the journal Addiction.
The combined studies included 853 adults between the ages of 18 and 55, and 439 adolescence between the ages of 14 and 18. The participants ranged in how frequently they used either alcohol or cannabis. While low-level alcohol consumption can be healthful for the brain, high or chronic consumption is known to decrease gray matter volume, even among young adults.
The two main types of tissue that make up the brain are gray and white matter. Gray matter contains cell bodies, dendrites, and axons. Whereas white matter is made up of the nerve fibers that control communications between brain clusters and all the other parts of the body.
Study co-author Kent Hutchison is a professor of behavioral neuroscience at CU. Although previous research found diminished volume in certain areas of the brain from chronic marijuana use, those studies are inconsistent. Hutchison said in a press release, “When you look at these studies going back years, you see that one study will report that marijuana use is related to a reduction in the volume of the hippocampus. The next study then comes around, and they say that marijuana use is related to changes in the cerebellum or the whatever.” He added, “The point is that there’s no consistency across all of these studies in terms of the actual brain structures.”
So Hutchison and colleagues went back through the literature, examining all the MRI data concerning marijuana or alcohol consumption that had been collected over the years, paying particular attention to white and gray matter. The result? Cannabinoids—chemical compounds found only in marijuana, have no long-term impact on gray or white matter, a finding which contradicts years’ worth of previous studies.
In contrast, consistent alcohol use causes a significant decrease in gray matter volume. It also threatens the integrity of white matter. Those adults who have been drinking excessively for decades suffer the most damage, researchers say. According to Hutchison, “while marijuana may also have some negative consequences, it definitely is nowhere near the negative consequences of alcohol.”
Hutchison says they were able to statistically control for those who consumed alcohol versus cannabis. Still, the study wasn’t without shortcomings. For instance, researchers only looked at marijuana use within the last 30 days. And in most cases, it was low-level use. What’s more, there could’ve also be subtle changes that weren’t picked up by the MRIs. While some previous animal studies have shown that marijuana has neuroprotective properties, studies in humans have been contradictory.
A large 2015 study using twins, concluded that brain differences between the two siblings existed way before marijuana use came into the picture, and that it may be these brain differences that caused one twin to chronically use cannabis. This most recent study falls into line with a growing body of evidence that marijuana use, particularly occasional use as an adult, isn’t all that bad for you. The scientists do warn however that, although it may not be quite as damaging as other substances, that’s far from proving cannabis has medical benefits.
According to graduate student Rachel Thayer, lead author on the study, “Particularly with marijuana use, there is still so much that we don’t know about how it impacts the brain.” Far more research will have to be done to determine whether cannabis is helpful, harmful, or neutral, when it comes to brain health. Hutchison, Thayer, and colleagues say that not only do we need more studies on the health effects of cannabinoids, we need more consistent ones as well.
To learn more on the debate on alcohol vs. marijuana, click here.
